A doação compartilhada de óvulos no Brasil sob enfoque do Direito e da Bioética / Egg sharing in Brazil from the legal and bioethical point of view

Este artigo analisa os aspectos jurídicos e bioéticos da prática médica da doação compartilhada de óvulos no contexto da Reprodução Assistida no Brasil. Trata-se de uma prática criada pela classe médica para auxiliar na obtenção de gametas femininos e beneficiar as pacientes que buscam alcançar a gravidez com assistência profissional (AU)

This paper examines the legal and bioethical aspects of medical practice of shared egg donation in the context of Assisted Reproduction in Brazil. This is a practice created by physicians to aid in obtaining female gametes and benefit patients seeking to achieve pregnancy with professional assistance (AU)

La persona y su dignidad al inicio de la vida: el concebido por técnicas de fertilización in vitro en Chile / A pessoa e sua dignidade no início da vida: o concepto obtido por técnicas de fertilização in vitro no Chile / Personhood and dignity at the beginning of life: the conceived by in vitro fertilization in Chile

El presente trabajo analiza algunos de los problemas que plantea en Chile el inicio de la vida del concebido por técnicas de fertilización in vitro. De allí surge la necesidad de normar la aplicación de esas técnicas con el fin de proteger la vida en cumplimiento del mandato constitucional. Es un estudio descriptivo e histórico a partir de la revisión de proyectos de ley chilenos que regulan la materia -directa o indirectamente- entre 1996 y 2013. Se concluye que es urgente regular un estatuto jurídico del concebido no nacido para una garantía integral efectiva de su vida.

The present study analyzes some of the problems encountered in Chile in the beginning of life of those conceived by in vitro fertilization. From these arises the need to norm the application of these techniques with the goal to protect life in compliance with constitutional mandate. This is a descriptive historical study grounded on the review of Chilean project laws regulating the issue -direct and indirectly- between 1996 and 2013. It is concluded that is urgent to regulate a juridical statue of the unborn conceived to guaranty the effective integrity of his/her life.

O presente trabalho analisa alguns dos problemas que apresenta no Chile o início da vida do concepto obtido por técnicas de fertilização in vitro. Dai surge a necessidade de normalizar a aplicação dessas técnicas com a finalidade de proteger a vida em cumprimento do mandato constitucional. É um estudo descritivo e histórico a partir da revisão de projetos de lei chilenos que regulam a matéria -direta ou indiretamente- entre 1996 e 2013. Conclui-se que é urgente regulamentar um estatuto jurídico do concepto não nascido para uma garantia integral efetiva de sua vida.

Subrogación uterina: Aspectos médicos y jurídicos del primer caso con sustento legal en la Argentina / Uterine subrogation: Medical and legal aspects of the first legally supported case in Argentina

Una mujer de 38 años de edad fue derivada a nuestro centro para un tratamiento de maternidad subrogada, por haber sufrido la ablación subtotal de su útero a causa de una hemorragia puerperal grave. Su perfil hormonal y estructura ovárica eran normales. El esposo tenía fertilidad probada y un espermograma normal. La subrogante era una mujer de 39 años, fértil, con dos hijos propios y con un largo vínculo de amistad con la paciente. Luego de una estimulación con gonadotropinas y antagonista de Gn-RH se obtuvieron 6 ovocitos maduros por punción folicular, que originaron 4 embriones por fertilización in vitro. Tres de ellos evolucionaron y fueron transferidos a la subrogante, lográndose un embarazo único que concluyó con el nacimiento de una niña normal que ya tiene dos años cumplidos. Se inició una acción solicitando la inscripción de la beba ya nacida a nombre de los padres procreacionales. El juez finalmente la otorgó basándose en las pruebas y testimonios aportados, los antecedentes en la jurisprudencia internacional, y el hecho de que según el artículo 19 de la Constitución Nacional: "Ningún habitante de la Nación será obligado a hacer lo que no manda la ley, ni privado de lo que ella no prohíbe". Este es un ejemplo casi ideal de cómo se puede desarrollar un caso de subrogación. Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que en nuestro país no existe aún un marco regulatorio para estos tratamientos, por lo que no queda exenta la posibilidad de conflicto.

A woman aged 38 was referred to this center for surrogacy treatment, after subtotal ablation of her uterus due to a severe postpartum hemorrhage. Her hormonal profiles and ovarian structure were normal. The husband proved fertile and semen analysis was normal. The carrier, a woman 39 years old, fertile with two children of her own, and a long bonding friendship with the patient. After hormonal stimulation with gonadotropins and GnRH antagonist, six mature oocytes were obtained. These originated four embryos after in vitro fertilization, three of which were transferred to the carrier, achieving a singleton pregnancy which led to the birth of a normal child, now more than a year old. A lawsuit was filed after birth requesting the baby be registered with the biological parents name. The judge granted the request based on evidence and testimonies provided, international jurisprudence history and specification in Article 19 of the Argentine Constitution: "No inhabitant of the Nation shall be obliged to do what the law does not demand .nor be deprived of what it does not prohibit". This is an almost ideal example of the proceedings in a case of subrogation .However, we must always bear in mind the fact that in our country there is as yet no regulatory framework for these treatments, therefore there is a high probability of conflict.

Using fertile couples as embryo donors: an ethical dilemma

The use of donated embryos has offered hope for infertile couples who have no other means to have children. In Iran, fertility centers use fertile couples as embryo donors. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure will be discussed. We conclude that embryo-donation should be performed with frozen embryos thus preventing healthy donors from being harmed by fertility drugs. There must be guidelines for choosing the appropriate donor families. In countries where commercial egg donation is acceptable, fertile couples can be procured as embryo donors thus fulfilling the possible shortage of good quality embryos. Using frozen embryos seems to have less ethical, religious and legal problems when compared to the use of fertile embryo donors

legal jurisprudential deliberation on lineage and inheritance of the pre-implantation embryo

Today, in vitro fertilization [IVF] is not just a medical issue, but certainly also a complex legal issue, in which lawyers can play an important role by establishing the suitable legal conditions to regulate legal relations by introducing necessary theories. One of the important and controversial issues, which can be approached legally, is the study of the pre-implantation embryo with regard to property law, especially the inheritance of the pre-implantation embryo. Article 3 of the Conditions of Embryo Donation to Infertile Couples Act of the year 2003 only stipulates the responsibilities of the intended couple and born child in terms of support, upbringing, maintenance and respect; it does not specify any law regarding the other financial outcomes of lineage like "inheritance", which makes this law imperfect. Also, in view of the fact that lineage is one of the causes of inheritance; studying inheritance without analyzing lineage in the pre-implantation embryo is not possible. Therefore, it is recommended to study lineage and inheritance simultaneously. Some questions arise in this regard, including whether it is possible to prove lineage between the genetic father and mother with a laboratory child, and between the owner of the womb [that is intended wife] and the child. Supposing the lineage is proved, what is the state of inheritance between them? Lawyers and Islamic jurists have different opinions regarding the lineage of the pre-implantation embryo and inheritance. The author believes that the owner of the sperm is regarded as the genetic father of the child and in terms of lineage between laboratory child and mother two genetic and carrying factors must be considered. Thereby, considering inheritance between the genetic father and the child is possible according to inheritance law. Regarding the inheritance state of a laboratory child from two mothers the problem can be solved by using the equality rule within the framework of inheritance law

Fecundación in vitro y derechos humanos / Fecundation in vitro and human rights

El autor brinda argumentos fundamentados en la dignidad humana contra la utilización indiscriminada de la fecundación in vitro, rechazando ésta práctica de quienes la justifican en base a los Derechos Humanos

Problemática jurídico-legal de la fertilización asistida: la persona y el comienzo de la vida / Juridical-legal problem of assisted fertilization: the person and the beginning of life

La biología y la medicina, a través de la ciencia y de la técnica, han llevado a modificaciones de la estructura familiar y social dicotomizadas de la estructura jurídica, trastocando los valores tradicionales sobre las personas, la procreación, la familia biológica, la filiación, etc. A los fines de una legislación hay que definir primero el status jurídico del embrión y tomar postura sobre si es o no una persona existencial. Esta pregunta se puede responder de diferentes maneras, de acuerdo a la postura a la que se adhiera, siendo la relevancia ética y jurídica de esa nueva vida diferetentes según los argumentos que se esgriman

Fertilización asistida: reflexiones frente a una nueva legislación / Assisted fertilization: reflections on a new legislation

We review philosophical and controversial aspects of assisted fertilization. This exercise is necessary considering the discussion of a bill in the Parliament that intends to regulate these techniques in our country. We review the definition of life beginning and the cost-benefit problem of adoptation as an alternative to assisted fertilization

Aspectos médico-legales de la fecundación in vitro y transferencia embrionaria (FIVET): Segunda parte / Medicolegal aspects on in vitro fertilization and embryoinic transference: Second part

La inviolabilidad de la vida humana es el valor supremo de toda persona. El irrespeto a este principio lo constituye el desechar a los embriones cuando ya no son útiles, el empleo de los embriones sobrantes en la investigación, y el aborto cuando se comprueban anomalías en el desarrollo fetal. El informe de la Comisión Warnock propuso al gobierno británico reconocer la fecundación artificial con semen de donante, la donación de óvulos y la donación de embriones humanos a mujeres infértiles. El informe australiano Waller recomienda las técnicas de FIVET entre cónyuges. La autora propone que se tipifique como delito a la fecundación artificial o in vitro no consentida, sea homóloga o heteróloga. El consentimiento libre e informado debe constar por escrito. La técnica debe prohibirse para mujeres solteras, viudas o divorsiadas, asi como parejas en unión libre o en relación con homosexualismo y lesbianismo. Debe prohibirse todo comercio de semen, óvulos y embriones, así como a congelación de embriones. Debe regularse la donación de gametos. Para los restos de embriones y fetos humanos debe aplicarse el delito de profanación de cadáver. Palabras claves: Fecundación invitro, transferencia embirionaria, legislación y FIVET.